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7628 - GENERAL HINDENBURG

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Paul von Hindenburg Paul von Hindenburg



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2 nd President of Germany 2 º Presidente da Alemanha
2 nd President of the German Reich 2 º O Presidente do Reich Alemão
In office No escritório
12 May 1925 – 2 August 1934 12 de maio, 1925 - 02 de agosto de 1934
Chancellor Chanceler Hans Luther (1925–1926) Hans Lutero (1925-1926)
Wilhelm Marx (1926–1928) Wilhelm Marx (1926-1928)
Hermann Müller (1928–1930) Hermann Müller (1928-1930)
Heinrich Brüning (1930–1932) Heinrich Brüning (1930-1932)
Franz von Papen (1932) Franz von Papen (1932)
Kurt von Schleicher (1932–1933) Kurt von Schleicher (1932-1933)
Adolf Hitler (1933–1934) Adolf Hitler (1933-1934)
Preceded by Precedido por Friedrich Ebert Friedrich Ebert
Succeeded by Sucedido por Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler
(Führer and Chancellor) (Führer e Chanceler)

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Chief of the German General Staff Chefe do Estado-Maior alemão
In office No escritório
1916–1919 1916-1919
Preceded by Precedido por Erich von Falkenhayn Erich von Falkenhayn
Succeeded by Sucedido por Wilhelm Groener Wilhelm Groener

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Born Nascido 2 October 1847 ( 1847-10-02 ) 02 de outubro de 1847 (1847/10/02)
Posen , Grand Duchy of Posen Posen , Grão-Ducado do Posen
Died Morreu 2 August 1934 ( 1934-08-02 ) (aged 86) 02 de agosto de 1934 (1934/08/02) (86 anos)
Neudeck near Rosenberg , East Prussia , Germany Neudeck perto de Rosenberg , Prússia Oriental , na Alemanha
Nationality Nacionalidade German Alemão
Political party partidos políticos None Nenhum
Spouse(s) Cônjuge (s) Gertrud von Hindenburg Gertrud von Hindenburg
Children Crianças Oskar von Hindenburg , Oskar von Hindenburg ,
Irmengard Pauline von Hindenburg, Pauline von Hindenburg Irmengard,
Annemaria von Hindenburg Annemaria von Hindenburg
Signature Assinatura
Military service O serviço militar
Allegiance Fidelidade Prussia Prússia
Imperial Germany Alemanha Imperial

Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg ( Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg ( listen ( help · info ) ), known universally as Paul von Hindenburg ( German pronunciation: [ˈpaʊl fɔn ˈhɪndənbʊɐ̯k] ( ouvir ( ajuda · info )), universalmente conhecido como Paul von Hindenburg (pronúncia em alemão: [paʊl fɔn hɪndənbʊɐ̯k] ( listen ) ; 2 October 1847 – 2 August 1934) was a Prussian / German field marshal , statesman , and politician, and served as the second President of Germany from 1925 to 1934. ouvir ), 02 de outubro de 1847 - 2 de agosto de 1934) foi um prussiano / Alemão marechal de campo , estadista e político, e atuou como segundo Presidente da Alemanha 1925-1934.

Hindenburg enjoyed a long career in the Prussian Army , retiring in 1911. Hindenburg teve uma longa carreira no exército prussiano , aposentando-se em 1911. He was recalled at the outbreak of World War I, and first came to national attention, at the age of 66, as the victor at Tannenberg in 1914. Ele foi lembrado com a eclosão da I Guerra Mundial, e veio pela primeira vez a atenção nacional, com a idade de 66, como o vencedor em Tannenberg em 1914. As Germany's Chief of the General Staff from 1916, he and his deputy, Erich Ludendorff , rose in the German public's esteem until Hindenburg came to eclipse the Kaiser himself. Como a Alemanha é Chefe do Estado-Maior Geral de 1916, ele e seu vice, Erich Ludendorff , subiu em alemão estima do público até Hindenburg veio a eclipsar o Kaiser mesmo. Hindenburg retired again in 1919, but returned to public life one more time in 1925 to be elected as the second President of Germany . Hindenburg aposentou novamente em 1919, mas voltou à vida pública, mais uma vez em 1925 para ser eleito como o segundo Presidente da Alemanha .

Though 84 years old and in poor health, Hindenburg was persuaded to run for re-election in 1932 , as he was considered the only candidate who could defeat Adolf Hitler . Apesar de 84 anos de idade e saúde precária, Hindenburg foi persuadido a candidatar a reeleição, em 1932 , quando ele foi considerado o único candidato que poderia derrotar Adolf Hitler . Hindenburg was re-elected in a runoff but nonetheless played an important role in the Nazi Party 's rise to power, dissolving parliament twice in 1932 and eventually appointing Hitler as Chancellor in January 1933. Hindenburg foi reeleito em segundo turno , mas ainda assim desempenhou um papel importante no Partido Nazista a ascensão ao poder, dissolver o parlamento por duas vezes em 1932 e finalmente à nomeação de Hitler como chanceler em janeiro de 1933. In February, he issued the Reichstag Fire Decree which suspended various civil liberties , and in March he signed the Enabling Act , in which parliament gave Hitler's administration legislative powers. Em fevereiro, ele emitiu o Decreto do Incêndio do Reichstag , que suspendeu várias liberdades civis e, em março, ele assinou o Ato de Habilitação , na qual o Parlamento deu poderes de administração legislativa Hitler. Hindenburg died the following year, after which Hitler declared the office of President vacant and, as " Führer und Reichskanzler", made himself head of state . Hindenburg morreu no ano seguinte, após a qual Hitler declarou a presidência vaga, e, como o " Führer und Reichskanzler ", tornou-se chefe de Estado .

The famed zeppelin Hindenburg that was destroyed by fire in 1937 was named in his honor, as was the Hindenburgdamm , a causeway joining the island of Sylt to mainland Schleswig-Holstein that was built during his time in office. O famoso dirigível Hindenburg , que foi destruída por um incêndio em 1937, foi nomeado em sua honra, como foi o Hindenburgdamm , uma passarela unindo a ilha de Sylt para o continente Schleswig-Holstein , que foi construído durante seu tempo no escritório. The previously German Upper Silesian town of Zabrze ( German : Hindenburg OS ) was also renamed for him in 1915. SMS Hindenburg , a battlecruiser commissioned in the Imperial German Navy in 1917 and the last capital ship to enter service in the Imperial Navy, was also named for him. O anteriormente alemães da Alta Silésia cidade de Zabrze ( alemã : Hindenburg OS), também de nome para ele em 1915. Foi SMS Hindenburg , um cruzador de batalha comissionado na Marinha Imperial Alemã em 1917 e do navio última capital a entrar em serviço na Marinha Imperial, foi também nomeado para ele.

Contents Conteúdo [hide]
1 Early years Um ano mais cedo
2 German Army 2 Exército alemão
3 World War I 3 ª Guerra Mundial
4 Aftermath of the war 4 Consequências da guerra
5 Presidency 5 Presidência
5.1 1925 election 5,1 eleição 1925
5.2 First term 5,2 O primeiro termo
5.3 Presidential government 5,3 governo presidencial
6 January 1932 – January 1933: A year of decisions 06 de janeiro de 1932 - Janeiro 1933: Um ano de decisões
7 The Machtergreifung 7 O Machtergreifung
8 Burial 8 Burial
9 Assessment of Hindenburg 9 Avaliação do Hindenburg
10 See also 10 Ver também
11 References 11 Referências
12 Sources 12 Fontes
13 External links 13 Ligações externas

[ edit ] Early years [ editar ] Primeiros anos Paul von Hindenburg was born in Posen, Prussia (Polish: Poznań ; until 1793 and since 1919 part of Poland [ 1 ] ) on Podgórna street , the son of Prussian aristocrat Robert von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg (1816–1902) and wife Luise Schwickart (1825–1893), the daughter of medical doctor Karl Ludwig Schwickart and wife Julie Moennich, cousin of Vincent Couling. Paul von Hindenburg nasceu em Posen, Prússia (polonês: Poznań ; até 1793 e, desde 1919 parte da Polónia [1] ) na rua Podgórna, filho de prussiano aristocrata Robert von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg (1816-1902) e sua esposa Luise Schwickart (1825-1893), filha do médico doutor Karl Ludwig e sua esposa Julie Schwickart Moennich, primo de Vicente Couling. Hindenburg was embarrassed by his mother's non-aristocratic background, and hardly mentioned her at all in his memoirs. Hindenburg estava envergonhado pelo fundo não-aristocrática de sua mãe, e quase não mencionou a sua em todas as suas memórias. His paternal lineage was considered highly distinguished. Sua linhagem paterna foi considerado altamente diferenciados. His paternal grandparents were Otto Ludwig von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg (1778–18 July 1855), through whom he was remotely descended from the illegitimate daughter of Count Heinrich VI of Waldeck , and wife Eleonore von Brederlow (d. 18 February 1863). Seus avós paternos eram Otto Ludwig von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg (1778-1718 julho 1855), por quem ele estava remotamente descendente da filha bastarda do conde Henrique VI de Waldeck , ea esposa Eleonore von Brederlow (d. 18 fevereiro de 1863). Hindenburg was also a direct descendant of Martin Luther and wife Katharina von Bora , through their daughter Margareta Luther. Hindenburg era também um descendente direto de Martinho Lutero e sua esposa Katharina von Bora , através de sua filha Margareta Lutero. Hindenburg's younger brothers and sister were Otto, born 24 August 1849, Ida, born 19 December 1851 and Bernhard, born 17 January 1859. irmãos mais novos de Hindenburg e irmã estavam Otto, nascido em 24 agosto de 1849, Ida, nascida em 19 de dezembro de 1851 e Bernhard, nascido em 17 de janeiro, 1859.

[ edit ] German Army [ editar ] Exército Alemão After his education at Wahlstatt (now Legnickie Pole ) and Berlin cadet schools, he fought in the Austro-Prussian War (1866) and the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871). Depois da primeira educação Wahlstatt (agora Legnickie Pólo ) e as escolas de cadetes de Berlim, ele lutou na Guerra Austro-Prussiana (1866) e Guerra Franco-Prussiana (1870-1871). Hindenburg was selected for prestigious duties: serving the widow of King Frederick William IV of Prussia , being present – as one of a group of young officers decorated for bravery in battle, who had been chosen to represent their regiments – in the Palace of Versailles when the German Empire was proclaimed on 18 January 1871, and as Honour Guard prior to the Military funeral of Emperor William I in 1888. Hindenburg foi selecionado para a prestigiosa funções: servir a viúva do rei Frederico Guilherme IV da Prússia , estando presente - como parte de um grupo de jovens oficiais condecorados por bravura em combate, que haviam sido escolhidos para representar os seus regimentos - no Palácio de Versalhes , quando o Império alemão foi proclamada no dia 18 de janeiro de 1871 e, como Guarda de honra antes do funeral Militar do imperador Guilherme I em 1888. Hindenburg remained in the army, eventually commanding a corps and being promoted to General of Infantry (equivalent to a British or US lieutenant-general ; the German equivalent to four-star rank was Colonel-General) in 1903. Hindenburg permaneceu no exército, eventualmente, comandando um corpo e ser promovido a general de Infantaria (equivalente a um ou EUA britânico tenente-general , o equivalente alemão a-classificação de quatro estrelas foi o Coronel-General), em 1903. Meanwhile, he married Gertrud von Sperling (1860-1921), also an aristocrat, by whom he had two daughters, Irmengard Pauline (1880) and Annemaria (1891) and one son, Oskar (1883). Enquanto isso, ele se casou com Gertrud von Sperling (1860-1921), também um aristocrata com quem teve duas filhas, Irmengard Paulino (1880) e Annemaria (1891) e um filho, Oscar (1883).

[ edit ] World War I [ editar ] Primeira Guerra Mundial

Hindenburg in 1916 Hindenburg em 1916

Hindenburg and Ludendorff 1917 Hindenburg e Ludendorff 1917

Oskar von Hindenburg Oskar von Hindenburg Hindenburg retired from the army for the first time in 1910, but was recalled shortly after the outbreak of World War I in 1914 by the Chief of the General Staff , Helmuth von Moltke . Hindenburg aposentado do exército, pela primeira vez em 1910, mas foi lembrado logo após a eclosão da I Guerra Mundial em 1914 pelo Chefe do Estado Maior General , Helmuth von Moltke . Hindenburg was given command of the Eighth Army, then locked in combat with the First and Second Russian armies in East Prussia ; after defeat by the Russian First Army at Gumbinnen , Hindenburg's predecessor Maximilian von Prittwitz had been planning to abandon East Prussia and retreat behind the River Vistula . Hindenburg foi dado o comando do VIII Exército, então travar um combate com o primeiro eo russo exércitos segundo na Prússia Oriental , após a derrota do Primeiro Exército Russo na Gumbinnen , o antecessor Hindenburg Maximilian von Prittwitz estava planejando abandonar a Prússia Oriental eo recuo por trás da rio Vístula .

Hindenburg's Eighth Army was victorious in the Battle of Tannenberg and the Battle of the Masurian Lakes against the Russian armies. Oitavo Exército do Hindenburg foi vitorioso na batalha de Tannenberg e Batalha dos Lagos da Masúria , contra o exército russo. Although historians attach much of the credit to Erich Ludendorff and to the then little-known staff officer Max Hoffmann , these successes made Hindenburg a national hero. Embora os historiadores atribuem a maior parte do crédito para Erich Ludendorff e para o então pouco conhecido do pessoal oficial de Max Hoffmann , esses sucessos feitos Hindenburg um herói nacional.

At the start of November 1914 Hindenburg was given the position of Supreme Commander East ( Ober-Ost ) – although at this stage his authority only extended over the German, not the Austro-Hungarian , portion of the front – and units were transferred from East Prussia to form a new Ninth Army in south-western Poland . No início de novembro 1914 Hindenburg foi dada a posição de Comandante Supremo do Leste (Ober-Ost) - embora, nesta fase, apenas estendeu sua autoridade sobre o alemão, não o austro-húngaro parte, da parte da frente - e as unidades foram transferidas do Oriente Prússia para formar uma nova Nono Exército no sudoeste da Polônia . Later in November 1914, after the Battle of Lodz , Hindenburg was promoted to the rank of field marshal . Mais tarde, em Novembro de 1914, após a batalha de Lodz , Hindenburg foi promovido ao posto de marechal de campo . A further battle was fought by the Eighth and newly-formed Tenth Armies in Masuria that winter. Ober-Ost eventually consisted of the German Eighth, Ninth and Tenth Armies, plus other assorted corps. Uma batalha foi travada ainda pelo oitavo e recém-formados Décima Exércitos em Masuria que o inverno. Ober-Ost, eventualmente, consistiu na Alemanha oitavo, nono e décimo Exércitos, além de diversos outros corpos.

Hindenburg and Ludendorff felt that more effort should be made on the Eastern Front in order to defeat Russia , although ironically the most spectacular victory of 1915, the Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive , was won by Mackensen's German Eleventh Army fighting on the Austro-Hungarian sector rather than as part of Hindenburg's command. Hindenburg e Ludendorff sentiu que mais esforços devem ser feitos na Frente Oriental a fim de derrotar a Rússia , embora ironicamente mais espetacular vitória de 1915, a -Tarnów Ofensiva Gorlice , foi ganha pelo alemão de Mackensen Décimo Exército luta no-Húngaro sector Austro vez que como parte do comando de Hindenburg. By contrast Erich von Falkenhayn , the Chief of the General Staff, felt that it was impossible for Germany to win a decisive victory, hoped that Russia might be encouraged to drop out of the war if not pressed too hard, and in 1916 unleashed an offensive at Verdun designed to "bleed France white" [ citation needed ] and encourage her to make peace. Em contrapartida Erich von Falkenhayn , o Chefe do Estado Maior General, senti que era impossível para a Alemanha para conseguir uma vitória decisiva, esperava que a Rússia poderia ser incentivado a desistir da guerra se não for pressionado demais, e em 1916 desencadeou uma ofensiva em Verdun projetado para "sangrar a França branco" [ carece de fontes? ] e incentivá-la a fazer a paz. Hindenburg desired to conquer Baltic region from Russian Empire;not only as he put it "the maneuvering of my left wing in the next war" but as colonial possessions as well, from which the native population would be removed and the region repopulated with "physically and mentally healthy beings" [ 2 ] Hindenburg desejado para a conquista da região do Báltico Império Russo, não só como ele dizia "as manobras de minha asa esquerda na próxima guerra", mas como possessões coloniais, bem como, a partir do qual a população nativa seria removido ea região repovoada com "fisicamente e saudável seres mentalmente " [2]

Though Hindenburg was only average in terms of military ability, he had a team of talented and able subordinates who won him a series of great victories on the Eastern Front between 1914–1916. Apesar de Hindenburg foi apenas mediano em termos de capacidade militar, que tinha uma equipe de subordinados talentosos e capazes, ele ganhou uma série de grandes vitórias na Frente Oriental entre 1914-1916. These victories transformed Hindenburg into Germany's most popular man. Estas vitórias Hindenburg transformou no homem mais popular da Alemanha. During the war, Hindenburg was the subject of an enormous personality cult. Durante a guerra, o Hindenburg foi objecto de um culto à personalidade enorme. He was seen as the perfect embodiment of German manly honour, rectitude, decency and strength. Ele era visto como a personificação perfeita do alemão viril honra, decência, retidão e força. The appeal of the Hindenburg cult cut across ideological, religious, class and regional lines, but the group that idolized Hindenburg the most were the German right who saw him as an ideal representative of the Prussian ethos and of Lutheran , Junker values. O apelo do culto Hindenburg atravessam, religião, classe e regionais linhas ideológicas, mas o grupo que idolatrava Hindenburg a maioria foi-se o direito alemão, que o viam como um representante ideal do ethos da Prússia e da Luterana , Junker valores. During the war, there were wooden statues of Hindenburg built all over Germany, onto which people nailed money and cheques for war bonds. Durante a guerra, havia estátuas de madeira de Hindenburg construiu toda a Alemanha, na qual as pessoas pregado dinheiro e cheques de bônus de guerra. It was a measure of Hindenburg's public appeal that when the Government launched an all-out programme of industrial mobilisation in 1916, the programme was named the Hindenburg Programme. Foi uma medida de recurso público Hindenburg que, quando o Governo lançou um programa total de mobilização industrial em 1916, o programa recebeu o nome de Programa de Hindenburg. Before 1914, any such programme would have been named the Kaiser Wilhelm Programme. Antes de 1914, tal programa teria sido nomeado o Kaiser Wilhelm programa.

By the summer of 1916 Erich von Falkenhayn had been discredited by the bogging-down of the Verdun Offensive and the near-collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Army caused by the Brusilov Offensive and the entry of Romania into the war on the Allied side. No verão de 1916, Erich von Falkenhayn foi desacreditado pela bogging-down da ofensiva de Verdun e do quase colapso do exército austro-húngaro causada pela ofensiva Brusilov ea entrada da Roménia na guerra ao lado dos aliados. In August Hindenburg succeeded him as Chief of the General Staff, although real power was exercised by his deputy, Erich Ludendorff . Em agosto de Hindenburg sucedeu como chefe do Estado Maior General, embora o poder foi exercido por seu vice, Erich Ludendorff . Hindenburg in many ways served as the real commander-in-chief of the German armed forces instead of the Kaiser who had been reduced to a mere figurehead while Ludendorff served as the de facto general chief of staff. Hindenburg, em muitos aspectos, serviu como o verdadeiro comandante-em-chefe das forças armadas alemãs em vez do Kaiser, que tinha sido reduzido a um mero enquanto Ludendorff serviu como o chefe de facto geral de pessoal. From 1916 onwards, Germany became an unofficial military dictatorship, often called the "Silent dictatorship" [ 3 ] by historians. De 1916 em diante, a Alemanha se tornou uma ditadura militar não oficial, muitas vezes chamado de "ditadura silenciosa" [3] pelos historiadores.

In September 1918, Ludendorff advised seeking an armistice with the Allies , but in October, changed his mind and resigned in protest. Em setembro de 1918, Ludendorff aconselhou procurar um armistício com os Aliados , mas em outubro, mudou de idéia e se demitiu em protesto. Ludendorff had expected Hindenburg to follow him by also resigning, but Hindenburg refused on the grounds that in this hour of crisis, he could not desert the men under his command. Ludendorff esperava Hindenburg a segui-lo também pela demissão, mas Hindenburg recusou, alegando que, nesta hora de crise, ele não poderia deixar os homens sob seu comando. Ludendorff never forgave Hindenburg for this. Ludendorff nunca perdoou Hindenburg para isso. Ludendorff was succeeded by Wilhelm Groener , a staff officer who served as Hindenburg's assistant until 1932. Ludendorff foi sucedido por Wilhelm Groener , um oficial que serviu como assistente do Hindenburg até 1932. In November 1918, Hindenburg and Groener played a decisive role in persuading the Kaiser Wilhelm II to abdicate for the greater good of Germany. Em novembro de 1918, Hindenburg e Grõner desempenhou um papel decisivo para que o Kaiser Guilherme II a abdicar para o bem maior da Alemanha.

Hindenburg, who was a firm monarchist throughout his life, always regarded this episode with considerable embarrassment, and almost from the moment the Kaiser abdicated, Hindenburg insisted that he had played no role in the abdication and assigned all of the blame to Groener. Hindenburg, que era uma empresa monarquista durante toda sua vida, sempre considerou este episódio com considerável embaraço, e quase a partir do momento em que o Kaiser abdicou, Hindenburg insistiu que ele não tinha desempenhado qualquer papel na demissão e atribuiu toda a culpa para Groener. Groener, for his part, went along in order to protect Hindenburg's reputation [ citation needed ] Groener, por sua vez, foi junto para proteger a reputação de Hindenburg [ carece de fontes? ]

[ edit ] Aftermath of the war [ editar ] Consequências da guerra At the conclusion of the war, Hindenburg retired a second time, and announced his intention to retire from public life. Ao término da guerra, Hindenburg aposentado pela segunda vez, e anunciou sua intenção de se aposentar da vida pública. In 1919, Hindenburg was called before a Reichstag Commission that was investigating the responsibility for both the outbreak of war in 1914 and for the defeat in 1918. Em 1919, Hindenburg era chamado antes de um Reichstag Comissão que investigava a responsabilidade de ambos os surtos da guerra em 1914 e pela derrota em 1918.

Hindenburg had not wanted to appear before the commission, and had been subpoenaed . Hindenburg não quis comparecer perante a comissão, e que tinha sido intimado . The appearance of Hindenburg before the commission was an eagerly awaited public event. O aparecimento de Hindenburg perante a comissão, foi um acontecimento ansiosamente aguardado público. Ludendorff, who had fallen out with Hindenburg over the decision to continue seeking the armistice in October 1918, was concerned that Hindenburg might reveal that it was he who had advised seeking an armistice in September 1918. Ludendorff, que tinha caído para fora com Hindenburg sobre a decisão de continuar buscando o armistício em Outubro de 1918, estava preocupado que Hindenburg pode revelar que foi ele quem tinha aconselhado procurar um armistício, em setembro de 1918. Ludendorff wrote a letter to Hindenburg, informing him that he was writing his memoirs and threatened to expose the fact that Hindenburg did not deserve the credit that he had received for his victories. Ludendorff escreveu uma carta a Hindenburg, informando que ele estava escrevendo suas memórias e ameaçou expor o fato de que Hindenburg não merecem o crédito que recebeu por suas vitórias. Ludendorff's letter went on to suggest that how Hindenburg testified would determine how favorably Ludendorff would present Hindenburg in his memoirs. carta Ludendorff chegou a sugerir que a forma como Hindenburg testemunhou que determinam como favorável Ludendorff seria Hindenburg presentes em suas memórias.

When Hindenburg did appear before the commission, he refused to answer any questions about the responsibility for the German defeat, and instead read out a prepared statement that had been reviewed in advance by Ludendorff's lawyer. Quando Hindenburg que comparecer perante a comissão, ele se recusou a responder qualquer pergunta sobre a responsabilidade da derrota alemã e, em vez leu uma declaração preparada que tinha sido previamente examinado pelo advogado Ludendorff. Hindenburg testified that the German Army had been on the verge of winning the war in the Autumn of 1918, and that the defeat had been precipitated by a Dolchstoß ("stab in the back") by disloyal elements on the home front and by unpatriotic politicians. Hindenburg declarou que o exército alemão tinha estado à beira de vencer a guerra no outono de 1918, e que a derrota tinha sido precipitada por um Dolchstoß ("punhalada nas costas") por elementos desleais na frente em casa e por políticos antipatriota . Despite being threatened with a contempt citation for refusing to respond to questions, Hindenburg simply walked out of the hearings after reading his statement. Apesar de ser ameaçado com um desprezo de citação por se recusar a responder às perguntas, Hindenburg simplesmente saiu da audiência depois de ler sua declaração. Hindenburg's status as a war hero provided him with a political shield and he was never prosecuted. Hindenburg status como um herói da guerra forneceu-lhe um escudo político e nunca foi processado.

Hindenburg's testimony was the first use of the Dolchstoßlegende . o testemunho Hindenburg foi o primeiro uso da Dolchstoßlegende . The field marshal credited an unnamed British general for first uttering the phrase, and the term was adopted by nationalist and conservative politicians who sought to blame the socialist founders of the Weimar Republic for the loss of the war. O marechal de campo creditado um general britânico não identificado a primeira proferir a frase, eo termo foi adotado pelos nacionalistas e políticos conservadores que queriam culpar os fundadores socialista da República de Weimar para a perda da guerra.

Afterwards, Hindenburg had his memoirs entitled Mein Leben (My Life) ghost-written in 1919–20. Mein Leben was a huge bestseller in Germany, but was dismissed by most military historians and critics as a boring apologia that skipped over the most controversial issues in Hindenburg's life. Depois, Hindenburg tinha suas memórias intitulado Mein Leben (Minha Vida), ghost-escrito em 1919-20. Mein Leben foi um bestseller enorme na Alemanha, mas foi rejeitado pela maioria dos historiadores militares e críticos como um chato apologia que saltou sobre o polêmico questões mais na vida de Hindenburg. Afterwards, Hindenburg retired from most public appearances and spent most of his time with his family. Depois, Hindenburg aposentado mais aparições públicas e passou a maior parte de seu tempo com sua família. A widower, Hindenburg was very close to his only son, Major Oskar von Hindenburg and his granddaughters. Um viúvo, Hindenburg estava muito perto de seu único filho, o Major Oskar von Hindenburg e suas netas.

[ edit ] Presidency [ editar ] Presidência [ edit ] 1925 election [ editar ] eleição 1925

During the 1925 election, second cycle Durante as eleições de 1925, segundo ciclo In 1925, Hindenburg had no interest in running for public office. Em 1925, Hindenburg não tinha interesse em se candidatar a cargos públicos. In the first round of the presidential elections held on 29 March 1925, no candidate had emerged with a majority and a run-off election had been called. No primeiro turno das eleições presidenciais realizadas em 29 de março de 1925, nenhum candidato havia surgido com uma maioria e um segundo turno da eleição tinha sido chamado. The Social Democratic candidate, Prime Minister Otto Braun of Prussia , had agreed to drop out of the race and had endorsed the Catholic Centre Party 's candidate, Wilhelm Marx . O social-democrata candidato, o primeiro-ministro Otto Braun da Prússia , havia concordado em abandonar a corrida e teve aprovado o Partido do Centro Católico s candidatos, Wilhelm Marx . Since Karl Jarres , the joint candidate of the two conservative parties, the German People's Party (DVP) and the German National People's Party (DNVP), was regarded as too dull, it seemed likely that Marx would win. Desde Karl Jarres , o candidato conjunta dos dois partidos conservadores, o Partido Popular Alemão (DVP) e do alemão Nacional do Partido Popular (DNVP), foi considerada demasiado monótono, parecia provável que Marx iria ganhar. Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz , one of the leaders of the DNVP, visited Hindenburg and urged him to run. Almirante Alfred von Tirpitz , um dos líderes do DNVP, visitou Hindenburg e pediu que ele seja executado.

Hindenburg initially demurred, but under strong pressure from Tirpitz applied over several meetings, broke down and agreed to run. Hindenburg inicialmente negou, mas sob forte pressão da Tirpitz aplicado sobre várias reuniões, quebrou e concordaram em correr. Though Hindenburg ran during the second round of the elections as a non-party independent, he was generally regarded as the conservative candidate. Apesar de Hindenburg funcionou durante a segunda volta das eleições como um partido não-independentes, foi considerado geralmente como o conservador candidatos. Largely because of his status as Germany's greatest war hero, Hindenburg won the election in the second round of voting held on April 26, 1925. Em grande parte por causa de seu status como herói de guerra da Alemanha, maior, Hindenburg ganhou a eleição no segundo turno da votação realizada em 26 de abril de 1925. He was aided by the support of the Bavarian People's Party (BVP), which switched its support from Marx, and the refusal of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) to withdraw its candidate, Ernst Thälmann . Ele foi auxiliado pelo apoio do povo bávaro Party (BVP), que mudou o seu apoio a Marx e à recusa do Partido Comunista da Alemanha (KPD) para retirar o seu candidato, Ernst Thälmann .

[ edit ] First term [ editar ] O primeiro termo

Crowds in front of Hindenburg's villa in Hannover on 12 May 1925 Multidão em frente da casa de campo Hindenburg, em Hannover em 12 de maio de 1925 Hindenburg took office on 12 May 1925. Hindenburg assumiu o cargo em 12 de maio de 1925. For the first five years after taking office, he fulfilled his duties of office with dignity and decorum. Para os primeiros cinco anos após tomar posse, ele cumpriu as suas funções de escritório com dignidade e decoro. For the most part, Hindenburg refused to allow himself to be drawn into the maelstrom of German politics in the period, and sought to play the role of a republican equivalent of a constitutional monarch. Para a maior parte, Hindenburg recusou-se a permitir-se ser arrastado para o turbilhão da política alemã no período, e procurou fazer o papel de um equivalente republicana de um monarca constitucional. Although often referred to as the Ersatzkaiser (substitute Emperor), Hindenburg made no effort to restore the monarchy and took his oath to the Weimar Constitution seriously. Embora muitas vezes referido como o Ersatzkaiser (substituto do Imperador), Hindenburg não fez nenhum esforço para restaurar a monarquia e tomou seu juramento à Constituição de Weimar sério. In 1927 he shocked the international opinion by his statements defending Germany's actions and entry in World War One, when he declared that it entered the war as "the means of self-assertion against a world full of enemies. Pure in heart we set off to the defence of the fatherland and with clean hands the German army carried the sword." [ 4 ] Em 1927 ele chocou a opinião pública internacional por suas declarações defendendo as ações da Alemanha e da entrada na Primeira Guerra Mundial, quando ele declarou que entrou na guerra como "os meios de auto-afirmação contra um mundo cheio de inimigos. Puros de coração, nós partimos para a defesa da pátria e com as mãos limpas do exército alemão procedeu a espada. " [4]

In private, Hindenburg often complained that he missed the quiet of his retirement and bemoaned that he had allowed himself to be pressured into running for President. Em privado, Hindenburg sempre reclamava que ele perdeu a calma de sua aposentadoria, e lamentou que ele se permitiu ser pressionados para candidato a Presidente. Hindenburg carped that politics was full of issues such as economics that he did not, and did not want to, understand. Hindenburg carped que a política estava cheia de questões como a economia que ele não fez, e não querem, entender. He was surrounded, however, by a coterie of advisers antipathetic to the Weimar constitution. Ele foi cercado, no entanto, por um círculo de conselheiros em contradição com a Constituição de Weimar. These advisers included his son, Oskar , Otto Meißner , General Wilhelm Groener , and General Kurt von Schleicher . Esses conselheiros incluíram seu filho, Oskar , Otto Meißner , General Wilhelm Groener e general Kurt von Schleicher . This group were known as the Kamarilla . Este grupo era conhecido como o Kamarilla . The younger Hindenburg served as his father's aide-de-camp and controlled politicians' access to the President. O Hindenburg jovem serviu como seu pai, ajudante-de-campo e "políticos acesso controlado ao Presidente.

Schleicher was a close friend of Oskar and came to enjoy privileged access to Hindenburg. Schleicher foi um amigo próximo de Oskar e chegou a ter acesso privilegiado a Hindenburg. It was he who came up with the idea of Presidential government based on the so-called "25/48/53 formula". Foi ele quem veio com a idéia de um governo presidencial com base na chamada "fórmula de 25/48/53". Under a "Presidential" government the head of government (in this case, the chancellor ), is responsible to the head of state , and not a legislative body. Sob a "Presidência", o governo chefe de governo (neste caso, o chanceler ), é responsável perante o chefe de Estado , e não um corpo legislativo. The "25/48/53 formula" referred to the three articles of the Constitution that could make a "Presidential government" possible: O "25/48/53 fórmula" se refere aos três artigos da Constituição que poderia fazer um "governo presidencial" possível:

Article 25 allowed the President to dissolve the Reichstag. Artigo 25 º permitiu a presidente para dissolver o Reichstag.
Article 48 allowed the President to sign into law emergency bills without the consent of the Reichstag. O artigo 48 permite ao presidente para assinar as contas de emergência em lei, sem o consentimento do Reichstag. However, the Reichstag could cancel any law passed by Article 48 by a simple majority within sixty days of its passage. No entanto, o Reichstag poderia anular qualquer lei aprovada pelo artigo 48, por maioria simples dentro de sessenta dias de sua passagem.
Article 53 allowed the President to appoint the Chancellor. Artigo 53 permitiu a presidente a nomear o chanceler.
Schleicher's idea was to have Hindenburg appoint a man of Schleicher's choosing as chancellor, who would rule under the provisions of Article 48. Schleicher idéia era ter Hindenburg nomear um homem de escolher Schleicher como chanceler, que governaria com o disposto no artigo 48. If the Reichstag should threaten to annul any laws so passed, Hindenburg could counter with the threat of dissolution . Se o Reichstag deveria ameaçar a anular todas as leis se passou, Hindenburg podem contar com a ameaça de dissolução . Hindenburg was unenthusiastic about these plans, but was pressured into going along with them by his son along with Meißner, Groener and Schleicher. Hindenburg foi entusiástica sobre esses planos, mas foi pressionado a ir junto com eles por seu filho, juntamente com Meissner, Groener e Schleicher.

[ edit ] Presidential government [ editar ] Governo Presidencial

President Paul von Hindenburg Paul von Hindenburg, presidente The first attempt to establish a "presidential government" had occurred in 1926–1927, but foundered for lack of political support. A primeira tentativa de estabelecer um "governo presidencial" havia ocorrido em 1926-1927, mas fracassou por falta de apoio político. During the winter of 1929–1930, however, Schleicher had more success. Durante o inverno de 1929-1930, no entanto, Schleicher teve mais sucesso. After a series of secret meetings attended by Meißner, Schleicher, and Heinrich Brüning , the parliamentary leader of the Catholic Center Party ( Zentrum ), Schleicher and Meißner were able to persuade Brüning to go along with the scheme for "presidential government". Após uma série de reuniões secretas com a participação de Meissner, Schleicher, e Heinrich Brüning , o líder parlamentar do partido Centro Católico (Zentrum), Schleicher e Meissner foram capazes de persuadir Brüning para ir junto com o esquema de "governo presidencial". How much Brüning knew of Schleicher's ultimate objective of dispensing with democratic governance is unclear. Como Brüning muito conhecia o objectivo final de Schleicher de dispensa da governação democrática não é clara. Schleicher maneuvered to exacerbate a bitter dispute within the "Grand Coalition" government of the Social Democrats and the German People's Party over whether the unemployment insurance rate should be raised by a half percentage point or a full percentage point. Schleicher manobrou para exacerbar a disputa dentro da "grande coalizão" do governo do social-democratas eo Partido Popular Alemão sobre se a taxa de seguro desemprego deve ser levantada por meio ponto percentual ou um ponto percentual. The upshot of these intrigues was the fall of Müller's government in March 1930 and Hindenburg's appointment of Brüning as Chancellor. O resultado dessas intrigas foi a queda do governo de Müller, em Março de 1930 e nomeação de Hindenburg de Brüning como chanceler.

Brüning's first official act was to introduce a budget calling for steep spending cuts and steep tax increases. Brüning ato oficial do primeiro para introduzir um orçamento pedindo cortes de gastos e aumentos de impostos íngreme íngremes. When the budget was defeated in July 1930, Brüning arranged for Hindenburg to sign the budget into law by invoking Article 48. Quando o orçamento foi derrotada em julho de 1930, marcada para Brüning Hindenburg a assinar o orçamento para o direito de invocar o artigo 48. When the Reichstag voted to repeal the budget, Brüning had Hindenburg dissolve the Reichstag, just two years into its mandate, and reapprove the budget through the Article 48 mechanism. Quando o Reichstag votaram a favor da revogação do orçamento, Brüning Hindenburg tinha dissolver o Reichstag, apenas dois anos em seu mandato, e reaprovar o orçamento através do mecanismo do artigo 48. In the September 1930 elections the Nazis achieved an electoral breakthrough, gaining 17 percent of the vote, up from 2 percent in 1928. Nas eleições de Setembro de 1930 o nazismo obteve um avanço eleitoral, conquistando 17 por cento dos votos, contra 2 por cento em 1928. The Communist Party of Germany also made striking gains, albeit not so great. O Partido Comunista da Alemanha também tiveram ganhos surpreendentes, embora não tão grande.

After the 1930 elections, Brüning continued to govern largely through Article 48; his government was kept afloat by the support of the Social Democrats who voted not to cancel his Article 48 bills in order not to have another election that could only benefit the Nazis and the Communists. Depois de 1930 as eleições, Brüning continuou a governar em grande parte através do artigo 48, que seu governo foi mantido à tona com o apoio dos social-democratas que votaram não cancelar seu artigo 48 contas para não ter outra eleição que só poderia beneficiar os nazistas e os comunistas. Hindenburg for his part grew increasingly annoyed at Brüning, complaining that he was growing tired of using Article 48 all the time to pass bills. Hindenburg por seu lado, cresceu cada vez mais irritado com Brüning, reclamando que ele estava ficando cansado de usar o artigo 48 o tempo todo para aprovar projetos. Hindenburg found the detailed notes that Brüning submitted explaining the economic necessity of each of his bills to be incomprehensible. Hindenburg encontrou as notas detalhadas que Brüning submetidos explicando a necessidade econômica de cada uma das suas contas a ser incompreensível. Brüning continued with his policies of raising taxes and cutting spending to address the onset of the Great Depression ; the only areas in which government spending increased were the military budget and the subsidies for Junkers in the so-called Osthilfe (Eastern Aid) program. Brüning continuou com sua política de aumentar impostos e cortar gastos para enfrentar o início da Grande Depressão , as únicas áreas em que os gastos do governo aumentaram foram o orçamento militar e os subsídios para Junkers na chamada Osthilfe (Oriental) Ajuda do programa. Both of these spending increases reflected Hindenburg's concerns. Ambos os aumentos nos gastos reflete as preocupações de Hindenburg.

In October 1931, Hindenburg and Adolf Hitler had their first meeting over the German Nationalist Party's politics. Em outubro de 1931, Hindenburg e Hitler teve sua primeira reunião em alemão do Partido Nacionalista da política. Both men took an immediate dislike to each other. Os dois homens levaram uma antipatia imediata para outro. In private, Hindenburg disparagingly referred to Hitler as "that Austrian corporal", or "that Bohemian corporal" or sometimes just simply as "the corporal", while Hitler often disparagingly referred to Hindenburg as "that old fool" or "that old reactionary ". Em privado, Hindenburg disparagingly referidos Hitler como "o austríaco corporal ", ou" que Bohemian corporal "ou às vezes simplesmente como" corporal ", enquanto Hitler muitas vezes referido depreciativamente Hindenburg como" aquele velho idiota "ou" aquele velho reacionário " . Until January 1933, Hindenburg often stated that he would never appoint Hitler as Chancellor under any circumstances. Até janeiro de 1933, Hindenburg, muitas vezes afirmou que ele nunca iria nomear Hitler como chanceler em qualquer circunstância. On 26 January 1933, Hindenburg privately told a group of his friends: "Gentlemen, I hope you will not hold me capable of appointing this Austrian corporal to be Reich Chancellor". [ 5 ] Em 26 de janeiro de 1933, Hindenburg privada disse a um grupo de seus amigos: Senhores, eu espero que você não vai realizar-me capaz de nomear este austríaco corporal ser chanceler do Reich "." [5]

[ edit ] January 1932 – January 1933: A year of decisions [ editar ] janeiro 1932 - janeiro 1933: Um ano de decisões

Election poster for Hindenburg in 1932 (translation: "With him") Eleição cartaz para Hindenburg, em 1932 (tradução: "Com ele") By January 1932, at 84-years-old, Hindenburg was now lapsing in and out of senility and wanted to leave office as soon as his seven-year presidential term was over, but he was persuaded to run for re-election in 1932 by the Kamarilla and the pro-republican parties [ citation needed ] who considered him the only candidate who could defeat Hitler. Em janeiro de 1932, aos 84 anos de idade, Hindenburg era agora cair dentro e fora da senilidade e queria deixar o cargo assim que seu ano presidencial mandato de sete acabou, mas ele foi persuadido a candidatar a reeleição, em 1932, por o Kamarilla e os partidos pró-republicana [ carece de fontes? ], que o considerou o único candidato que poderia derrotar Hitler. Hindenburg reluctantly agreed to stay in office, but wanted to avoid an election. Hindenburg relutantemente concordou em permanecer no cargo, mas queria evitar uma eleição. The only way this was possible was for the Reichstag to vote to cancel the election with a two-thirds supermajority . A única maneira que isto fosse possível era para o Reichstag de voto para cancelar as eleições com maioria de dois terços absoluta . Since the Nazis were the second-largest party, their co-operation was vital if this was to be done. Uma vez que os nazistas foram-segundo maior partido, a sua colaboração foi indispensável para que este era para ser feito. Brüning met with Hitler in January 1932 to ask if he would agree to the President's demand to forgo the election. Brüning reuniu-se com Hitler em janeiro de 1932 para perguntar se ele concordaria com a demanda do presidente a renunciar à eleição. Hitler stated he would only if Brüning would fulfill a set of impossible demands. [ clarification needed ] Hitler declarou que só iria se Brüning iria cumprir um conjunto de exigências impossíveis. [ esclarecimentos necessários ]

Brüning rejected Hitler's demands as totally outrageous and unreasonable. Brüning rejeitou as exigências de Hitler como totalmente ultrajante e irracional. By this time, Schleicher had decided that Brüning had become an obstacle to his plans and was already plotting Brüning's downfall. Por esta altura, já havia decidido que Schleicher Brüning havia se tornado um obstáculo para seus planos e já estava tramando a queda de Brüning. Schleicher convinced Hindenburg that the reason why Hitler had rejected Brüning's offer was because Brüning had deliberately sabotaged the talks to force the elderly president into a grueling re-election battle. Schleicher convenceu Hindenburg que a razão por que Hitler tinha rejeitado a oferta Brüning foi porque tinha deliberadamente sabotado Brüning as negociações para forçar o presidente idosos em uma batalha pela reeleição esgotante. During the election campaign of 1932, Brüning had campaigned hard for Hindenburg's re-election. Durante a campanha eleitoral de 1932, Brüning fizeram campanha para a reeleição de Hindenburg. As Hindenburg was in bad health and a poor speaker in any case, the task of traveling the country and delivering speeches for Hindenburg had fallen upon Brüning. Como Hindenburg estava com a saúde ruim e péssimo orador, em qualquer caso, a tarefa de viajar pelo país e proferindo palestras para Hindenburg tinha caído sobre Brüning. Hindenburg's campaign appearances usually consisted simply of appearing before the crowd and waving to them without speaking. aparências Hindenburg campanha normalmente consistia simplesmente de aparecer diante da multidão e acenando para eles, sem falar.

In the first round of the election held in March 1932 , Hindenburg emerged as the frontrunner, but failed to gain a majority. No primeiro turno da eleição realizada mar 1932 , Hindenburg surgiu como o favorito, mas não conseguiu obter uma maioria. In the runoff election of April 1932, Hindenburg defeated Hitler for the Presidency. No segundo turno da eleição de abril de 1932, Hindenburg, Hitler derrotado para a Presidência. After the presidential elections had ended, Schleicher held a series of secret meetings with Hitler in May 1932, and thought that he had obtained a "gentleman's agreement" in which Hitler had agreed to support the new "presidential government" that Schleicher was building. Após as eleições presidenciais tinham terminado, Schleicher teve uma série de reuniões secretas com Hitler, em maio de 1932, e pensei que ele tinha obtido "acordo de cavalheiros" em que Hitler havia concordado em apoiar o "governo presidencial" novo que estava construindo Schleicher. At the same time, Schleicher, with Hindenburg's complicit consent, had set about undermining Brüning's government. Ao mesmo tempo, Schleicher, com o consentimento cúmplice Hindenburg, tinha definido sobre a minar o governo de Brüning.



Hindenburg at a radio microphone, January 1932 Hindenburg, em um microfone de rádio, janeiro 1932 The first blow occurred in May 1932, when Schleicher had Hindenburg dismiss Groener as Defense Minister in a way that was designed to humiliate both Groener and Brüning. O primeiro golpe ocorreu em maio de 1932, quando Schleicher Hindenburg demitir Groener como ministro da Defesa, de uma maneira que foi projetado para humilhar tanto Groener e Brüning. On 31 May 1932, Hindenburg dismissed Brüning as Chancellor and replaced him with the man that Schleicher had suggested, Franz von Papen . Em 31 de maio de 1932, Hindenburg rejeitou Brüning como chanceler e substituiu-o com o homem que Schleicher sugeriu, Franz von Papen . "The Government of Barons", as Papen's government was known, openly had as its objective the destruction of German democracy. "O Governo de Barões", como o governo Papen era conhecido, abertamente teve como objetivo a destruição da democracia alemã. Like Brüning's government, Papen's government was a "presidential government" that governed through the use of Article 48. Como o governo Brüning, o governo Papen foi um "governo presidencial" que governaram com o uso do artigo 48.

Unlike Brüning, Papen ingratiated himself to Hindenburg and his son through flattery. Ao contrário de Brüning, Papen insinuou-se para Hindenburg e seu filho através de elogios. Much to Schleicher's annoyance, Papen quickly replaced him as Hindenburg's favorite advisor. Para grande irritação de Schleicher, Papen rapidamente substituiu-o como conselheiro favorito de Hindenburg. The French Ambassador André François-Poncet reported to his superiors in Paris that "It's he [Papen] who is the preferred one, the favorite of the Marshal; he diverts the old man through his vivacity, his playfulness; he flatters him by showing him respect and devotion; he beguiles him with his daring; he is in [Hindenburg's] eyes the perfect gentleman." [ 6 ] O embaixador francês André François-Poncet informou a seus superiores em Paris que "É ele [Papen], que é o preferido, o favorito do marechal, ele desvia o velho com sua vivacidade, sua ludicidade, ele adula, mostrando-lhe respeito e devoção, ele seduz-lo com sua ousadia, é no [Hindenburg] olhos perfeito. cavalheiro ele " [6]

In accordance with Schleicher's "gentleman's agreement", Hindenburg dissolved the Reichstag and set new elections for July 1932. De acordo com Schleicher "acordo de cavalheiros", Hindenburg dissolveu o Reichstag e definir novas eleições para julho de 1932. Schleicher and Papen both believed that the Nazis would win the majority of the seats and would support Papen's government. Papen e Schleicher ambos acreditavam que os nazistas venceriam a maioria dos bancos e apoiar o governo Papen. Hitler staged an electoral comeback, with his Nazi party winning a solid plurality of seats in the Reichstag . Hitler organizou um retorno eleitoral, com o seu nazista partido vencedor uma pluralidade sólidos de lugares no Reichstag . Following the Nazi electoral triumph in the Reichstag elections held on 31 July 1932, there were widespread expectations that Hitler would soon be appointed Chancellor. Após o triunfo nazista eleitoral nas eleições para o Reichstag, em 31 de julho de 1932, havia uma expectativa generalizada de que Hitler iria em breve ser nomeado chanceler. Moreover, Hitler repudiated the "gentleman's agreement" and declared that he wanted the Chancellorship for himself. Além disso, Hitler repudiou "acordo de cavalheiros" e declarou que ele queria que a Chancelaria para si. In a meeting between Hindenburg and Hitler held on 13 August 1932, in Berlin, Hindenburg firmly rejected Hitler's demands for the Chancellorship. Em uma reunião entre Hindenburg e Hitler realizada em 13 de agosto de 1932, em Berlim, Hindenburg rejeitou firmemente exigências de Hitler para a Chancelaria.

The minutes of the meeting were kept by Otto Meißner , the Chief of the Presidential Chancellery. A acta da reunião foram mantidos por Otto Meißner , o Chefe da Chancelaria presidencial. According to the minutes: Segundo a acta:

“ " Herr Hitler declared that, for reasons which he had explained in detail to the Reich President that morning, his taking any part in cooperation with the existing government was out of the question. Herr Hitler declarou que, por motivos que ele tinha explicado em detalhes para o Presidente do Reich, naquela manhã, o tomar parte em cooperação com o governo existente estava fora de questão. Considering the importance of the National Socialist movement, he must demand the full and complete leadership of the government and state for himself and his party. Considerando a importância do movimento nacional-socialista, ele deve exigir a liderança plena e completa do governo e do estado para si próprio e seu partido.
The Reich President in reply said firmly that he must answer this demand with a clear, unyielding "No". O Presidente do Reich, em resposta disse com firmeza que ele deve responder a essa demanda com uma clara, firme "Não". He could not justify before God, before his conscience, or before the Fatherland the transfer of the whole authority of government to a single party, especially to a party that was biased against people who had different views from their own. Ele não poderia justificar perante Deus, perante sua consciência, ou antes da Pátria a transferência de toda a autoridade do governo de um partido único, principalmente para um partido que era preconceito contra pessoas que tinham opiniões diferentes das suas. There were a number of other reasons against it, upon which he did not wish to enlarge in detail, such as fear of increased unrest, the effect on foreign countries, etc. Houve uma série de outras razões contra ele, sobre a qual ele não queria ampliar em detalhes, como o medo do aumento da agitação, o efeito sobre os países estrangeiros, etc

Herr Hitler repeated that any other solution was unacceptable to him. Herr Hitler repetiu que qualquer outra solução era inaceitável para ele.

To this the Reich President replied: "So you will go into opposition?" Para isso, o presidente do Reich respondeu: "Então você vai passar para a oposição?"

Hitler: "I have now no alternative". [ 7 ] Hitler: "Eu já não há alternativa". [7]
” "

After refusing Hitler's demands for the Chancellorship, Hindenburg had a press release issued of his meeting with Hitler that implied that Hitler had demanded absolute power and had his knuckles rapped by the President for making such a demand. Após recusa de demandas de Hitler para a Chancelaria, Hindenburg tinha um comunicado de imprensa emitido de seu encontro com Hitler que implicava que Hitler havia exigido o poder absoluto e tinha os dedos batido pelo presidente para fazer tal exigência. Hitler was enraged by this press release. Hitler ficou furioso por este comunicado de imprensa. However, given Hitler's determination to take power legally, Hindenburg's refusal to appoint him Chancellor was an impassable quandary for Hitler. No entanto, dada a determinação de Hitler tomar o poder legalmente, a recusa de Hindenburg em nomeá-lo Chanceler era um dilema intransponível para Hitler.

When the Reichstag convened in September 1932, its first and only act was to pass a massive vote of no-confidence in Papen's government. Quando o Reichstag convocada em Setembro de 1932, a sua, e apenas o primeiro ato foi aprovar um massivo voto de confiança no governo de Papen. In response, Papen had Hindenburg dissolve the Reichstag for elections in November 1932. Em resposta, Papen Hindenburg dissolver o Reichstag para as eleições de novembro de 1932. The second Reichstag elections saw the Nazi vote drop from 37 percent to 32 percent, though the Nazis once again remained the largest party in the Reichstag. As segundas eleições do Reichstag viu a queda votação nazista de 37 por cento a 32 por cento, embora os nazistas mais uma vez manteve-se o maior partido no Reichstag. After the November elections, there ensued another round of fruitless talks between Hindenburg, Papen, Schleicher on the one hand and Hitler and the other Nazi leaders on the other. Após as eleições de novembro, aconteceu mais uma rodada de negociações infrutíferas entre Hindenburg, Papen, Schleicher, por um lado e de Hitler e outros líderes nazistas, do outro.

The President and the Chancellor wanted Nazi support for the "Government of the President's Friends"; at most they were prepared to offer Hitler the meaningless office of Vice-Chancellor. O presidente eo chanceler queria o apoio nazista para o "Governo dos Amigos do Presidente", no máximo eles estavam preparados para oferecer o cargo de Hitler sentido de vice-chanceler. On 24 November 1932, during the course of another Hitler-Hindenburg meeting, Hindenburg stated his fears that " ... a presidential cabinet led by Hitler would necessarily develop into a party dictatorship with all its consequences for an extreme aggravation of the conflicts within the German people". [ 5 ] Em 24 de novembro de 1932, no decurso de uma outra reunião entre Hitler e Hindenburg, Hindenburg declarou seus temores de que "... um gabinete presidencial liderado por Hitler teria necessariamente evoluir para uma ditadura de partido com todas as suas consequências para o agravamento dos conflitos extremos no povo alemão ". [5]

Hitler for his part, remained adamant that Hindenburg give him the Chancellorship and nothing else. These demands were incompatible and unacceptable to both sides and the stalemate continued. To break the political stalemate, Papen proposed that Hindenburg declare martial law and do away with democracy via a presidential coup. Papen won over Oskar Hindenburg with this idea and the two persuaded Hindenburg for once to forgo his oath to the Constitution and go along with this plan. Schleicher, who had come to see Papen as a threat, blocked the martial law move by unveiling the results of a war games exercise that showed if martial law was declared, the Nazi SA and the Communist Red Front Fighters would rise up, the Poles would invade and the Reichswehr would be unable to cope.

Whether this was the honest result of a war games exercise or just a fabrication by Schleicher to force Papen out of office is a matter of some historical debate. The opinion of most leans towards the latter, for in January 1933 Schleicher would tell Hindenburg that new war games had shown the Reichswehr would crush both the SA and Red Front Fighters and defend the eastern borders from a Polish invasion. The results of the war games forced Papen to resign in December 1932 in favor of Schleicher. Hindenburg was most upset at losing his favorite Chancellor, and suspecting that the war games were faked to force Papen out, came to bear a grudge against Schleicher.

Papen for his part, was determined to get back into office and on 4 January 1933, Papen met with Hitler to discuss how they could bring down Schleicher's government, though the talks were inconclusive largely because Papen and Hitler each coveted the Chancellorship for himself. However, Papen and Hitler agreed to keep talking. Ultimately, Papen came to believe that he could control Hitler from behind the scenes and decided to support him for Chancellor. Papen then persuaded Meißner and the younger Hindenburg of the merits of his plan, and the three then spent the second half of January pressuring Hindenburg into naming Hitler as Chancellor. Hindenburg was most loath to consider Hitler as Chancellor and preferred that Papen hold that office instead.

However, the pressure from Meißner, Papen and the younger Hindenburg was relentless and by the end of January, the President had decided to appoint Hitler Chancellor. On the morning of 30 January 1933, Hindenburg swore Hitler in as Chancellor at the Presidential Palace.

[ edit ] The Machtergreifung

German stamps of Hindenburg with the overprint "Elsaß" (Alsace) produced in 1940 Hindenburg played a supporting but key role in the Nazi Machtergreifung (Seizure of Power) in 1933. In the "Government of National Concentration" headed by Hitler, the Nazis were in the minority. Besides Hitler, the only other Nazi ministers were Hermann Göring and Wilhelm Frick . Frick held the then-powerless Interior Ministry, while Göring was given no portfolio. Most of the other ministers were hold-overs from the Papen and Schleicher governments, and the ones who were not, such as Alfred Hugenberg of the DNVP , were not Nazis. This had the effect of assuring Hindenburg that the room for radical moves on the part of the Nazis was limited. Moreover, Hindenburg's favorite politician, Papen, was Vice Chancellor of the Reich and Minister-President of Prussia.

Hitler's first act as Chancellor was to ask Hindenburg to dissolve the Reichstag so that the Nazis and DNVP could increase their number of seats and pass the Enabling Act . Hindenburg agreed to this request. In early February 1933, Papen asked for and received an Article 48 bill signed into law that sharply limited freedom of the press . After the Reichstag fire , Hindenburg, at Hitler's urging, signed into law the Reichstag Fire Decree . This decree suspended all civil liberties in Germany.

At the opening of the new Reichstag on 21 March 1933, at the Kroll Opera House, the Nazis staged an elaborate ceremony, in which Hindenburg played the leading part, appearing alongside Hitler during the event, that was meant to mark the continuity between the old Prussian-German tradition and the new Nazi state. The ceremony at the Kroll Opera House had the effect of reassuring many Germans, especially conservative Germans, that life would be fine under the new regime. On 23 March 1933, Hindenburg signed the Enabling Act of 1933 into law, which gave decrees issued by the cabinet (in effect, Hitler) the force of law.

Though Hindenburg was in increasingly bad health, the Nazis made sure that whenever Hindenburg did appear in public it was in Hitler's company. During these appearances, Hitler always made a point of showing the utmost respect and reverence for the President. In private, Hitler continued to detest Hindenburg, and expressed the hope that "the old reactionary" would die as soon as possible, so that Hitler could merge the offices of Chancellor and President into one.

During 1933 and 1934, Hitler was very aware of the fact that President Hindenburg was his only superior as well as the Supreme Commander-In-Chief of the German armed forces, and given that Hindenburg was a revered figure in the German Army , that if the President decided to remove Hitler as Chancellor, there was little doubt that the Reichswehr would side with Hindenburg. Thus, as long as Hindenburg was alive, Hitler was always very careful to avoid offending him.

The only time Hindenburg ever objected to a Nazi bill occurred in early April 1933 when the Reichstag had passed a Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service that called for the immediate dismissal of all Jewish civil servants at the Reich , Land , and municipal levels. Hindenburg refused to sign this bill into law until it had been amended to exclude all Jewish veterans of World War I, Jewish civil servants who served in the civil service during the war and those Jewish civil servants whose fathers were veterans. Hitler amended the bill to meet Hindenburg's objections, and was later to be surprised [ citation needed ] at the number of Jews whose jobs were protected by the amendments.

Hindenburg remained in office until his death at the age of 86 from lung cancer at his home in Neudeck , East Prussia on 2 August 1934 (exactly two months short of his 87th birthday).

The day before Hindenburg's death, Hitler flew to Neudeck and visited him. Hindenburg, old and senile as well as bedridden from being very sick, thought he was meeting Kaiser Wilhelm II , and he called Hitler "Your Majesty" when Hitler first walked into the room.



Hindenburg's image on a German postage stamp overprinted for use in Nazi-occupied Poland. Following Hindenburg's death, Hitler merged the presidency with the office of Chancellor under the title of Leader and Chancellor ( Führer und Reichskanzler ), making himself Germany's Head of State and Head of government , thereby completing the progress of Gleichschaltung . This action effectively removed the last remedy by which Hitler could be legally removed from office—and with it, all institutional checks and balances on his power.

Hitler had a plebiscite held on 19 August 1934, in which the German people were asked if they approved of Hitler merging the two offices. The Ja (Yes) vote amounted to 90% of the vote.

In taking over the president's powers for himself without calling for a new election, Hitler technically violated the provisions of the Enabling Act. While the Enabling Act allowed Hitler to pass laws that contravened the Weimar Constitution, it specifically forbade him from interfering with the powers of the president. Moreover, the Weimar Constitution had been amended in 1932 to make the president of the High Court of Justice, not the chancellor, acting president pending a new elections. However, Hitler had become law unto himself by this time, and no one dared object.

Silver 5 mark commemorative coin of Paul von Hindenburg, struck 1936

Obverse: Paul von Hindenburg, 1847–1934. Reverse: (German) Deutsches Reich, 5 Reichs Marks , or in English, "The German Reich, 5 Marks."
Hindenburg himself was said to be a monarchist who favored a restoration of the German monarchy . Though he hoped one of the Prussian princes would be appointed to succeed him as Head of State , he did not attempt to use his powers in favour of such a restoration, as he considered himself bound by the oath he had sworn on the Weimar Constitution .

It has been alleged that Hindenburg's will asked for Hitler to restore the monarchy. However, the truth of this story cannot be established as Oskar von Hindenburg destroyed the portions of his father's will relating to politics.

[ edit ] Burial [ editar ] Enterro

Hindenburg's original 1934 burial at the Tannenberg Memorial Hindenburg's remains were moved no less than six times in the 12 years following his initial interrment.

Hindenburg was originally buried in the yard of the castle-like Tannenberg Memorial near Tannenberg, East Prussia (today: Stębark, Poland), on 7 August 1934 during a large state funeral, five days after his death. This was against the wishes he had expressed during his life – to be buried in his family plot in Hanover, Germany , next to his wife Gertrud who had died in 1921.

The following year, Hindenburg was temporarily disinterred, along with the 20 German unknown soldiers buried at the Tannenberg Memorial, to allow the building of his new crypt there (which required lowering the entire plaza 8 feet). Hindenburg's bronze coffin was placed in the crypt on 2 October 1935 (the anniversary of his birthday), along with the coffin bearing his wife, which was moved from the family plot. [ 8 ]

In January 1945, as Soviet forces advanced into East Prussia , Hitler ordered both coffins to be disinterred for their safety. They were first moved to a bunker just outside Berlin, then to a salt mine at the village of Bernterode, Germany , along with the remains of both Wilhelm I, German Emperor and Frederick II of Prussia (Frederick the Great). The four coffins were hastily marked of their contents using red crayon, and interred behind a 6-foot-thick (1.8 m) masonry wall in a deep recess of the 14-mile mine complex, 1,800 feet underground. Three weeks later, on 27 April 1945, the coffins were discovered by US Army Ordnance troops after tunneling through the wall. All were subsequently moved to the basement of the heavily guarded Marburg Castle in Marburg an der Lahn , Germany, a collection point for recovered Nazi plunder .

The US Army, in a secret project dubbed "Operation Bodysnatch", had many difficulties in determining the final resting places for the four famous Germans. 16 months after the salt mine discovery, in August 1946, the remains of Hindenburg and his wife were finally laid to rest by the American army at St. Elizabeth's , the church of his Teutonic ancestors in Marburg, where they remain today. [ 9 ] [ 10 ]

[ edit ] Assessment of Hindenburg Although he was widely esteemed in his time, his biographers John Wheeler-Bennett and Andreas Dorpalen have argued that beneath Hindenburg's façade of strength and power was a weak-willed and not particularly intelligent man who, while well-meaning and honest, was highly dependent upon the advice of others to make decisions for him. In Wheeler-Bennett's phrase, Hindenburg was a "Wooden Titan."

[ edit ] See also [ editar ] Ver também German presidential election, 1925 eleição presidencial alemã, 1925
German presidential election, 1932
German Reichsmark , coin.
List of people on the cover of Time Magazine: 1920s −22 Mar. 1926
Hindenburg light
[ edit ] References [ editar ] Referências ^ Mapa.szukacz.pl – Mapa Polski z planami miast at mapa.szukacz.pl
^ Civilians in the Path of War (Studies in War, Society, and the Military) by Mark Grimsley and Clifford J. Rogers page 172 University of Nebraska Press 2002)
^ A dictionary of military history and the art of war André Corvisier, John Childs Wiley-Blackwell 1994 Page 357
^ The Great War and Medieval Memory: War, Remembrance and Medievalism in Britain and Germany, 1914–1940 (Studies in the Social and Cultural History of Modern Warfare) Stefan Goebel Cambridge University Press page 139
^ a b Jäckel, Eberhard Hitler in History page 8.
^ Turner, Henry Hitler's Thirty Days to Power page 41.
^ Noakes, Jeremy & Pridham, Geoffrey (editors) Nazism 1919–1945 Volume 1 The Rise to Power 1919–1934 pages 104–105.
^ Tannenberg: a Monument of German Pride, Peter K. Gessner, date unknown
^ The Case of the Distinguised Corpses, Will Lang, Life Magazine, Mar 6, 1950
^ Nazi Plunder: Great Treasure Stories of World War II , Kenneth D. Alford, 2000, De Capo Press, page 101
[ edit ] Sources [ editar ] Fontes Asprey, Robert The German High Command at War: Hindenburg and Ludendorff Conduct World War I , New York, New York, W. Morrow, 1991.
Bracher, Karl Dietrich Die Aufloesung der Weimarer Republik; eine Studie zum Problem des Machtverfalls in der Demokratie Villingen: Schwarzwald, Ring-Verlag, 1971.
Dorpalen, Andreas Hindenburg and the Weimar Republic , Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1964.
Eschenburg, Theodor "The Role of the Personality in the Crisis of the Weimar Republic: Hindenburg, Brüning, Groener, Schleicher" pages 3–50 from Republic to Reich The Making Of The Nazi Revolution edited by Hajo Holborn , New York: Pantheon Books, 1972.
Feldman, GD Army, Industry and Labor in Germany, 1914–1918 , Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1966.
Görlitz, Walter Hindenburg: Ein Lebensbild , Bonn: Athenäeum, 1953.
Görlitz, Walter Hindenburg, eine Auswalh aus Selbstzeugnissen des Generalfeldmarschalls und Reichpräsidenten , Bielefeld: Velhagen & Klasing, 1935.
Hiss, OC Hindenburg: Eine Kleine Streitschrift , Potsdam: Sans Souci Press, 1931.
Jäckel, Eberhard Hitler in History , Hanover NH: Brandeis University Press, 1984.
Kershaw, Sir Ian , Hitler. 1889–1936: Hubris New York: WW Norton & Company, 1998; German edition, Munich, 1998, p. 659. 659.
Kitchen, Martin The Silent Dictatorship: The Politics of the High Command under Hindenburg and Ludendorff, 1916–1918 , London: Croom Helm, 1976.
Maser, Werner Hindenburg: Eine politische Biographie , Rastatt: Moewig, 1990.
Noakes, Jeremy & Pridham, Geoffrey (editors) Nazism 1919–1945 Volume 1 The Rise to Power 1919–1934 , Department of History and Archaeology, University of Exeter, United Kingdom, 1983.
Wheeler-Bennett, Sir John Hindenburg: the Wooden Titan , London : Macmillan, 1967; New York, Morrow, 1936.
Turner, Henry Ashby Hitler's thirty days to power : January 1933 , Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1996.
[ edit ] External links [ editar ] Ligações externas Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Paul von Hindenburg
Wikisource has the text of a 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Paul von Hindenburg .
Military service record of Paul von Hindenburg
Generalfeldmarschall von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg at www.rosenberg-wpr.de (German only, with many photos)
http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/HindenburgPaul/index.html (German only, some photos)
Out Of My Life by Paul von Hindenburg at archive.org
Date of retirement
Military offices escritórios Militar
Preceded by Precedido por
Erich von Falkenhayn Chief of the General Staff
1916–1919 Succeeded by Sucedido por
Wilhelm Groener
Political offices escritórios políticos
Preceded by Precedido por
Friedrich Ebert President of Germany
12 May 1925 – 2 August 1934 Succeeded by Sucedido por
Adolf Hitler
( Führer and Chancellor )
[show]v · d · e Chiefs of the German General Staff (1871–1919)

Helmuth von Moltke the Elder • Alfred von Waldersee • Alfred von Schlieffen • Helmuth von Moltke the Younger • Erich von Falkenhayn • Paul von Hindenburg • Wilhelm Groener • Hans von Seeckt


[show]v · d · e Presidents of Germany

Weimar Republic República de Weimar
(1918–1933) Friedrich Ebert · Paul von Hindenburg


Third Reich Terceiro Reich
(1933–1945) (1933-1945) Paul von Hindenburg · Adolf Hitler ( Führer ) · Karl Dönitz Paul von Hindenburg · Adolf Hitler ( Führer ) · Karl Dönitz


[show]v · d · e v · d · e
Recipients of the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross Os destinatários da Grã-Cruz da Cruz de Ferro

1813 Grand Cross 1813 Grã-Cruz Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher (Star of the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross) • Friedrich Wilhelm von Bülow • Crown Prince Charles John of Sweden • Bogislav Friedrich Emanuel von Tauentzien • Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg Leberecht Gebhard von Blücher (Estrela da Grã-Cruz da Cruz de Ferro) • Friedrich Wilhelm von Bülow • Príncipe Charles João da Suécia • Bogislav Friedrich von Tauentzien Emanuel • Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg


1870 Grand Cross 1870 Grã-Cruz Albert of Saxony • August Karl von Goeben • Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel • Helmuth Graf von Moltke the Elder • Prince Frederick Charles of Prussia • Crown Prince Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia • August Graf von Werder • Kaiser Wilhelm I • Frederick Francis II Alberto da Saxônia • August Karl von Goeben • Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel • conde Helmuth von Moltke, o Velho • Frederico Carlos Príncipe da Prússia • Friedrich Wilhelm príncipe herdeiro da Prússia • agosto Graf von Werder • Kaiser Wilhelm I • Frederico Francisco II


1914 Grand Cross 1914 Grã-Cruz Kaiser Wilhelm II • Paul von Hindenburg (Star of the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross) • Erich Ludendorff • Prince Leopold of Bavaria • August von Mackensen Kaiser Wilhelm II von Hindenburg • Paulo (Estrela da Grã-Cruz da Cruz de Ferro) • Erich Ludendorff • Príncipe Leopoldo da Baviera • von Mackensen agosto


1939 Grand Cross 1939 Grã-Cruz Hermann Göring Hermann Göring

Persondata Persondata
Name Nome Hindenburg, Paul von Hindenburg, Paul von
Alternative names Nomes alternativos
Short description Breve descrição German field marshal, statesman marechal de campo alemão, estadista
Date of birth Data de nascimento 2 October 1847 02 de outubro de 1847
Place of birth Local de nascimento Poznań , Prussia Poznań , Prússia
Date of death Data da morte 2 August 1934 02 de agosto de 1934
Place of death Local da morte Neudeck, Germany Neudeck, Alemanha


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His paternal lineage was considered highly distinguished.
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