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Alexander NevskyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search For other uses, see Alexander Nevsky (disambiguation). Saint Alexander Nevsky An icon of Alexander Nevsky Born (1220-05-30)30 May 1220 Pereslavl-Zalessky, Vladimir-Suzdal (now Russia) Died 14 November 1263(1263-11-14) (aged 43) Gorodets, Vladimir-Suzdal (now Russia) Honored in Eastern Orthodox Church Canonized 1547 by Russian Orthodox Church Major shrine Vladimir; Pereslavl-Zalessky, Saint Petersburg Feast 23 November (Repose) 23 May (Synaxis of the Saints of Rostov and Yaroslavl 30 August (Translation of relics) Attributes Robed as a Russian Great Prince, often wearing armor. Patronage Soldiers, Borders of Russia Alexander Nevsky (Russian: Алекса́ндр Яросла́вич Не́вский​ (help·info), Aleksandr Yaroslavich Nevskiy; pronounced [ɐlʲɪˈksandr jɪrɐˈslavʲɪtɕ ˈnʲefskʲɪj]; 30 May 1220 – 14 November 1263, proclaimed Saint of the Russian Orthodox Church by Metropolite Macarius in 1547[1]) was the Prince of Novgorod and Grand Prince of Vladimir during some of the most trying times in the city's history. Commonly regarded as the key figure of medieval Rus, Alexander was the grandson of Vsevolod the Big Nest and rose to legendary status on account of his military victories over the German and Swedish invaders while employing collaborationist policies towards the powerful Golden Horde. Contents [hide] 1 Great victories 2 Politician 3 Grand Prince of Vladimir 4 Marriage and children 5 Alexander's legacy 5.1 Military Order 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links [edit] Great victoriesFrom Tales of the Life and Courage of the Pious and Great Prince Alexander found in the Second Pskovian Chronicle, circa 1260–1280, comes one of the first known references to the Great Prince: "By the will of God, prince Alexander was born from the charitable, people-loving, and meek the Great Prince Yaroslav, and his mother was Theodosia. As it was told by the prophet Isaiah: 'Thus sayeth the Lord: I appoint the princes because they are sacred and I direct them.' "... He was taller than others and his voice reached the people as a trumpet, and his face was like the face of Joseph, whom the Egyptian Pharaoh placed as next to the king after him of Egypt. His power was a part of the power of Samson and God gave him the wisdom of Solomon ... this Prince Alexander: he used to defeat but was never defeated ..."[2] Monument in Ust-Izhora, traditional site of the Battle of the Neva.Born in Pereslavl-Zalessky, Alexander was the fourth son of Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich and seemed to have no chance of claiming the throne of Vladimir. In 1236, however, he was summoned by the Novgorodians to become kniaz' (or prince) of Novgorod and, as their military leader, to defend their northwest lands from Swedish, German and Muslim invaders. After the Swedish army had landed at the confluence of the rivers Izhora and Neva, Alexander and his small army suddenly attacked the Swedes on 15 July 1240 and defeated them. The Neva battle of 1240 saved Rus' from a full-scale enemy invasion from the North. Because of this battle, 19-year-old Alexander was given the sobriquet "Nevsky" (which means of Neva). This victory, coming just three years after the disastrous Mongol invasion of Rus, strengthened Nevsky’s political influence, but at the same time it worsened his relations with the boyars. He would soon have to leave Novgorod because of this conflict. After Pskov had been invaded by the crusading Livonian Knights, the Novgorod authorities sent for Alexander. In spring of 1241 he returned from his exile, gathered an army, and drove out the invaders. Alexander and his men faced the Livonian heavy cavalry led by the master of the Order, Hermann, brother of Albert of Buxhoeveden. Nevsky faced the enemy on the ice of the Lake Peipus and defeated the Livonian branch of the Teutonic Knights during the Battle of the Ice on 5 April 1242. Alexander’s victory was a significant event in the history of the Middle Ages. Foot soldiers of Novgorod had surrounded and defeated an army of knights, mounted on horseback and clad in thick armour, long before Western Europeans learned how foot soldiers could prevail over mounted knights. Nevsky's great victory against the Livonian Brothers apparently involved only a few knights killed rather than hundreds claimed by the Russian chroniclers; decisive medieval and early modern battles were won and lost by smaller margins than is seen in contemporary conflicts. Strategic considerations aside, Alexander's victory was an important milestone in the development of Muscovite Russia. [edit] PoliticianAfter the Livonian invasion, Nevsky continued to strengthen Russia’s Northwest. He sent his envoys to Norway and, as a result, they signed a first peace treaty between Russia and Norway in 1251. Alexander led his army to Finland and successfully routed the Swedes, who had made another attempt to block the Baltic Sea from the Russians in 1256.[3] The envoys of the Roman Pope attend Alexander NevskyNevsky proved to be a cautious and far-sighted politician. He dismissed the Roman Curia’s attempts to cause war between Russia and the Golden Horde, because he understood the uselessness of such war with the Tatars at a time when they were still a powerful force. Historians seem to be unsure about Alexander’s behavior when it came to his relations with Mongols. He may have thought that Catholicism presented a more tangible threat to Russian national identity than paying a tribute to the Khan, who had little interest in Russian religion and culture. It is also argued that he intentionally kept Russia as a vassal to the Mongols in order to preserve his own status and counted on the befriended Horde in case someone challenged his authority (he forced the citizens of Novgorod to pay tribute). Nevsky tried to strengthen his authority at the expense of the boyars and at the same time suppress any anti-Mongol and anti-Muscovite uprisings in the country (Novgorod uprising of 1259). According to the most plausible version, Alexander’s intentions were to prevent scattered principalities of what would become Russia from repeated invasions by the Mongol army. He is known to have gone to the Horde himself and achieved success in exempting Russians from fighting beside the Tatar army in its wars with other peoples. Some historians see Alexander's choice of subordination to the Golden Horde and refusal of co-operating with western countries and church as an important turn to the east for the Russians.[4] [edit] Grand Prince of VladimirThanks to his friendship with Sartaq Khan, Alexander was installed as the Grand Prince of Vladimir (i.e., the supreme Russian ruler) in 1252. A decade later, Alexander died in the town of Gorodets-on-the-Volga on his way back from Sarai, the capital of the Golden Horde. Prior to his death, he took monastic vows and was given the religious name of Alexis. From the Second Pskovian Chronicle: "Returning from the Golden Horde, the Great Prince Alexander, reached the city of Nizhniy Novgorod, and remained there for several days in good health, but when he reached the city of Gorodets he fell ill ... Great Prince Alexander, who was always firm in his faith in God, gave up this worldly kingdom ... And then he gave up his soul to God and died in peace on 12 November, [1263] on the day when the Holy Apostle Philip is remembered ... Burial of Alexander NevskyAt this burial Metropolitan Archbishop Cyril said, 'My children, you should know that the sun of the Suzdalian land has set. There will never be another prince like him in the Suzdalian land.' And the priests and deacons and monks, the poor and the wealthy, and all the people said: 'It is our end.' "[2] Though he died in Gorodets, Alexander was laid to rest in the city of Vladimir, in the Great Abbey at The Church of the Nativity of the Holy Mother of God. [edit] Marriage and childrenAccording to the Novgorod First Chronicle, Alexander married first a daughter of Bryacheslav Vasilkovich, Prince of Polatsk and Vitebsk, in 1239. Her name is not given in the chronicle. Genealogies name her as Paraskeviya or Alexandra (possibly birth and marital names respectively). They had at least five children: Vasily Aleksandrovich, Prince of Novgorod (c. 1239–1271). He was betrothed to Princess Kristina of Norway in 1251. The marriage contact was broken. Kristina went on to marry Felipe of Castile, a son of Ferdinand III of Castile and Elisabeth of Hohenstaufen. Eudoxia Aleksandrovna. Married Konstantin Rostislavich, Prince of Smolensk. Dmitry of Pereslavl (c. 1250–1294). Andrey of Gorodets (c. 1255 – 27 July 1304 Daniel of Moscow (1261 – 4 March/5 March 1303). He married a second wife named Vasilisa shortly before his death. They had no known children. [edit] Alexander's legacy Decoration of the Imperial Order of St. Alexander Nevsky.Some of Alexander's policies on the Western border were continued by his grandson-in-law, Daumantas of Pskov, who was also beatified in the 16th century. In the late 13th century, a chronicle was compiled called the Life of Alexander Nevsky (Житие Александра Невского), in which he is depicted as an ideal prince-soldier and defender of Russia. Veneration of Alexander Nevsky as a saint began soon after his death. The remains of the prince were uncovered in response to a vision, before the Battle of Kulikovo in the year 1380, and found to be incorrupt. He was glorified (canonized) by the Russian Orthodox Church in 1547. His principal feast day is 23 November. By order of Peter the Great, Nevsky’s relics were transported to the Alexander Nevsky Lavra in St. Petersburg where they remain to this day. A second feast day was instituted on 30 August in commemoration of this event. He is also commemorated in common with other saints of Rostov and Yaroslavl on 23 May. [edit] Military OrderOn 21 May 1725, the empress Catherine I introduced the Imperial Order of St. Alexander Nevsky as one of the highest decorations in the land. During the Great Patriotic War, on 29 July 1942, the Soviet authorities introduced an Order of Alexander Nevsky to revive the memory of Alexander's struggle with the Germans. There was also a Bulgarian Order dedicated to Saint Alexander which was founded on 25 December 1881 and then ceased to exist when a People's Republic was declared on 16 September 1946. Sergei Eisenstein's envisioning of Alexander Nevsky forms the background of this Soviet poster from World War II.In 1938, Sergei Eisenstein made one of his most acclaimed films, Alexander Nevsky, on Alexander's victory over the Teutonic Knights. The soundtrack for the film was written by Sergei Prokofiev, who also reworked the score into a concert cantata. At Joseph Stalin's insistence,[citation needed] the film was rushed into theaters and the resulting sound recording was notably disappointing, while the visual images were quite impressive, especially the spectacular battle on the ice. In the film, Nevsky used a number of Russian proverbs, tying Nevsky firmly to Russian tradition [5] Alexander's proverbial phrase (actually, paraphrased Math.26:52) "Whoever will come to us with a sword, from a sword will perish," has become a slogan of Russian patriots. There is a long tradition of Russian naval vessels bearing Nevsky's name, such as the nineteenth century screw frigate Alexander Neuski and a nuclear submarine currently being built for the Russian Navy. Alexander Nevsky's fame has spread beyond the borders of Russia, and numerous churches are dedicated to him, including the Patriarchal Cathedral at Sofia, Bulgaria; the Cathedral church in Tallinn, Estonia; a church in Belgrade, Serbia; and a church in Tbilisi, Georgia. On 24 September 2008, Alexander Nevsky was declared the main hero of Russia’s history by popular vote, as reported by the Kommersant Newspaper. In December 2008, Alexander was voted the greatest Russian in the Name of Russia television poll.[6] [edit] See alsoAlexander Nevsky Cathedral—an incomplete listing of Eastern Orthodox cathedrals which bear his name. Nevsky Avenue Famous military commanders Rulers of Russia family tree [edit] References^ "The Faithful Saint Prince Alexandr Nevsky" (Russian), article read on 4.11.2010 ^ a b Begunov, K., translator, Second Pskovian Chronicle, ("Isbornik", Moscow, 1955) pp.11–15. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=piIJAAAAIAAJ&q=1256+narova&dq=1256+narova&pgis=1 ^ Tarkiainen, Kari (2008) (in Swedish). Sveriges Österland. Från forntiden till Gustav Vasa. Helsingfors: Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland. pp. 96–97. ISBN 978-951-583-162-0. ^ Kevin McKenna. 2009. “Proverbs and the Folk Tale in the Russian Cinema: The Case of Sergei Eisenstein’s Film Classic Aleksandr Nevsky.” The Proverbial «Pied Piper» A Festschrift Volume of Essays in Honor of Wolfgang Mieder on the Occasion of His Sixty-Fifth Birthday, ed. by Kevin McKenna, pp. 277-292. New York, Bern: Peter Lang. ^ "Stalin voted third-best Russian". BBC. 28 December 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7802485.stm. [edit] Further readingIsoaho, Mari. The Image of Aleksandr Nevskiy in Medieval Russia: Warrior and Saint (The Northern World; 21). Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, 2006 (hardcover, ISBN 90-04-15101-X). "Tale of the Life and Courage of the Pious and Great Prince Alexander [Nevsky]" in Medieval Russia's Epics, Chronicles, and Tales, ed. Serge Zenkovsky, 224-235 (New York: Meridian, 1974) [edit] External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Alexander Nevsky Repose of St Alexander Nevsky Orthodox icon and synaxarion (23 November) Alexander Nevsky: politics under Mongol domination. Synaxis of the Saints of Rostov and Yaroslavl (23 May) Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky (30 August) St Alexander on Nevsky Prospekt. Alexander Nevsky's listing in Medieval Lands by Charles Cawley. The Kommersant Newspaper: Russia’s Hero is Grand Prince Alexander Nevsky (24 September 2008) Interfax news agency: Orthodox believers found heaven guardians for Russian secret service (22 September 2008) Regnal titles Preceded by Andrew II Grand Prince of Vladimir 1252–1263 Succeeded by Yaroslav III Persondata Name Nevsky, Alexander Alternative names Short description Date of birth 30 May 1220 Place of birth Pereslavl-Zalessky, Vladimir-Suzdal (now Russia) Date of death 14 November 1263 Place of death Gorodets, Vladimir-Suzdal (now Russia) Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Nevsky&oldid=490448266" Categories: 1220 births1263 deathsPeople from Pereslavl-Zalessky13th-century Christian saintsRussian leadersGrand Princes of VladimirHistory of RussiaRussian saintsNovgorod RepublicPeople of the Northern CrusadesRurik DynastyRurikids13th-century Russian princesOrthodox monarchsRussian explorersHidden categories: Articles with Russian language external linksAll articles with unsourced statementsArticles with unsourced statements from February 2009Commons category template with no category setUse dmy dates from September 2010Persondata templates without short description parameter Personal toolsLog in Create account NamespacesArticle Talk VariantsViewsRead Edit View history ActionsSearch NavigationMain page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia InteractionHelp About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact Wikipedia ToolboxWhat links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Cite this page Print/exportCreate a bookDownload as PDFPrintable versionLanguagesالعربية Afrikaans Беларуская Български Català Cebuano Česky Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk (bokmål)‬ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / Srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 This page was last modified on 3 May 2012 at 11:11. 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