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Please Help Close Walter Houser BrattainFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search Walter Brattain
Walter Houser Brattain (1902-1987)
Born February 10, 1902 (1902-02-10)
Amoy, China
Died October 13, 1987(1987-10-13) (aged 85)
Seattle, Washington, USA
Nationality United States
Fields Physics, Electronic engineering
Institutions Whitman College
Bell Laboratories
Alma mater Whitman College
University of Oregon
University of Minnesota
Doctoral advisor John Torrence Tate, Sr.
Known for Transistor
Notable awards Stuart Ballantine Medal (1952)
Nobel Prize in Physics (1956)
Walter Houser Brattain (February 10, 1902 – October 13, 1987) was an American physicist at Bell Labs who, along with John Bardeen and William Shockley, invented the transistor.[1] They shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for their invention. He devoted much of his life to research on surface states.
Contents [hide]
1 Early life and education
2 Career in physics
3 Personal life
4 In popular culture
5 References
6 External links
[edit] Early life and educationHe was born to Ross R. Brattain and Ottilie Houser in Amoy, China on February 10, 1902 and spent the early part of his life in Springfield, Oregon where an elementary school is named in his honor, and Tonasket, Washington in the United States. He was raised in Tonasket, Washington on a cattle ranch owned by his parents, and earned his B.A. degree in physics and mathematics at Whitman College in Walla Walla, Washington. Brattain earned that degree in 1924 and an M.A. degree from the University of Oregon in 1926. He then moved eastward, taking his Ph.D. degree in physics at the University of Minnesota in 1929. Brattain's advisor was John T. Tate Sr., and his thesis was on electron impact in mercury vapor. In 1928 and 1929 he worked at the National Bureau of Standards in Washington, D.C., and in 1929 was hired by Bell Telephone Laboratories.
Brattain's concerns at Bell Laboratories in the years before World War II were first in the surface physics of tungsten and later in the surfaces of the semiconductors cuprous oxide and silicon. During World War II Brattain devoted his time to developing methods of submarine detection under a contract with the National Defense Research Council at Columbia University.
[edit] Career in physicsFollowing the war, Brattain returned to Bell Laboratories and soon joined the semiconductor division of the newly-organized Solid State Department of the laboratories. William Shockley was the director of the semiconductor division, and early in 1946 he initiated a general investigation of semiconductors that was intended to produce a practical solid state amplifier.
Crystals of pure semiconductors (such as silicon or germanium) are very poor conductors at ambient temperatures because the energy that an electron must have in order to occupy a conduction energy level is considerably greater than the thermal energy available to an electron in such a crystal. Heating a semiconductor can excite electrons into conduction states, but it is more practical to increase conductivity by adding impurities to the crystal. A crystal may be doped with a small amount of an element having more electrons than the semiconductor, and those excess electrons will be free to move through the crystal; such a crystal is an n-type semiconductor. One may also add to the crystal a small amount of an element having fewer electrons than the semiconductor, and the electron vacancies, or holes, so introduced will be free to move through the crystal like positively-charged electrons; such a doped crystal is a p-type semiconductor.
John Bardeen, William Shockley and Walter Brattain at Bell Labs, 1948.At the surface of a semiconductor the level of the conduction band can be altered, which will increase or decrease the conductivity of the crystal. Junctions between metals and n-type or p-type semiconductors, or between the two types of semiconductors, have asymmetric conduction properties, and semiconductor junctions can therefore be used to rectify electrical currents. In a rectifier, a voltage bias that produces a current flow in the low-resistance direction is a forward bias, while a bias in the opposite direction is a reverse bias.
Semiconductor rectifiers were familiar devices by the end of World War II, and Shockley hoped to produce a new device that would have a variable resistance and hence could be used as an amplifier. He proposed a design in which an electric field was applied across the thickness of a thin slab of a semiconductor. The conductivity of the semiconductor changed only by a small fraction of the expected amount when the field was applied, which John Bardeen (another member of Shockley's division) suggested was due to the existence of energy states for electrons on the surface of the semiconductor.
[edit] Personal lifeBrattain was a resident of Summit, New Jersey.[2] He moved to Seattle, Washington, in the 1970s where he lived until his death.
[edit] In popular cultureThe starship USS Brattain, which appeared in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "Night Terrors," was named after the scientist.
[edit] References1.^ "Walter H. Brattain". IEEE Global History Network. IEEE. http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Walter_H._Brattain. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
2.^ Walter H. Brattain : The Nobel Prize in Physics 1956, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Accessed February 18, 2011.
Walter H. Brattain – Biography
[edit] External linksOral History interview transcript with Walter Brattain January 1964 & 28 May 1974, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives
[hide]v ·t ·eNobel Laureates in Physics (1951–1975)
Cockcroft / Walton (1951) ·Bloch / Purcell (1952) ·Zernike (1953) ·Born / Bothe (1954) ·Lamb / Kusch (1955) ·Shockley / Bardeen / Brattain (1956) ·Yang / T. D. Lee (1957) ·Cherenkov / Frank / Tamm (1958) ·Segrè / Chamberlain (1959) ·Glaser (1960) ·Hofstadter / Mössbauer (1961) ·Landau (1962) ·Wigner / Goeppert-Mayer / Jensen (1963) ·Townes / Basov / Prokhorov (1964) ·Tomonaga / Schwinger / Feynman (1965) ·Kastler (1966) ·Bethe (1967) ·Alvarez (1968) ·Gell-Mann (1969) ·Alfvén / Néel (1970) ·Gabor (1971) ·Bardeen / Cooper / Schrieffer (1972) ·Esaki / Giaever / Josephson (1973) ·Ryle / Hewish (1974) ·A. Bohr / Mottelson / Rainwater (1975)
Complete list ·(1901–1925) ·(1926–1950) ·(1951–1975) ·(1976–2000) ·(2001–2025)
The USS Brattain at Memory Alpha: http://memory-alpha.org/wiki/USS_Brattain
Authority control VIAF: 47588186
Persondata
Name Brattain, Walter
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth February 10, 1902
Place of birth Amoy, China
Date of death October 13, 1987
Place of death Seattle, Washington, USA
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Houser_Brattain&oldid=517099354"
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